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Scientists
brace for snake invasion
The giant snakes suddenly seem hungry, gulping a gator, a
turkey and poor Frances the cat. As the body count creeps
up, so does python paranoia.
Such uneasiness may not be totally irrational.
Back home in Burma and Thailand, pythons live comfortably
amid civilization, slithering in sewers and crushing rodents
and other prey. Left unchecked, warns Kenneth Krysko, a
herpetologist with the Florida Museum of Natural History,
there is little to stop them from cruising canals to
crisscross South Florida.
''Certainly, they can now get into anywhere people
live,'' Krysko said. ``What will happen then, we don't know
for sure. We do know they can eat people's pets. So, kids,
get out of the water.''
For now, the notion of snakes as long as SUVs invading
the suburbs remains an uncertain fear. But in the
Everglades, Burmese pythons have boomed so fast that
scientists say it's time to change the focus from studying
to killing.
''Everything tells me that this particular species is
quite the generalist, quite adaptable,'' said Skip Snow, an
Everglades National Park biologist who has tracked the
spread of a species first dumped as discarded pets.
``Nothing suggests this snake is going anywhere without some
assistance from us.''
By December, researchers plan to tag a handful of pythons
with radio-tracking devices to map their slitherings. As
early as next year -- if funding comes through -- they hope
to start trapping pythons and dispatching them by lethal
injection.
The goal, said Snow, will be eradication. It's a daunting
challenge.
NUMBER UNKNOWN
Nobody knows how many might be out there. Biologists have
only sketchy ideas about where they live and feed. They are
still tinkering with traps capable of capturing an elusive
creature that grows large and powerful enough to consume an
adult alligator -- at least before exploding.
What they know isn't encouraging, either.
Pythons, after decades of releases by irresponsible pet
owners, are definitely multiplying in the wild. They've been
found in wet and dry areas, in a wide range of sizes and
ages, eggs to adults, in sharply increasing numbers.
Krysko said that between 1979 and 2000, only a dozen were
documented in the wild of South Florida. In the five years
since, 236 have been found.
''They are absolutely everywhere,'' said Krysko, an
invasive-species specialist who is part of the research team
working on an anti-python plan. ``That's what is so scary.''
And then there's the sobering fact that an established
reptile invader has never been wiped out.
In the most ambitious undertaking, the U.S. government
has spent several years and $50 million to remove the brown
tree snake from the Pacific island of Guam, where it was
accidentally introduced decades ago with devastating
results.
So far, the campaign has halted the spread off the island
and eliminated snakes in small study areas, said Gordon
Rodda, a zoologist with the U.S. Geological Survey who
coordinates the program.
But the snake remains entrenched on Guam, where its
propensity to climb power lines triggers outages and
economic havoc. It also eats pets and bites babies, ''which
is something mothers aren't really fond of,'' Rodda said.
The tree snake has had a calamitous environmental impact,
wiping out birds, bats and lizards that once controlled
insects and spread seeds.
''It's probably the worst-case scenario in the sense you
took an ocean island that evolved without a snake and you
put a snake into it,'' Rodda said.
In the Everglades, pythons could clearly tilt the natural
balance, though how much is hard to predict.
Unlike many of the dozens of exotic species that have
found niches in suburbia, such as lizards in backyards and
birds in fast-food parking lots, the python is thriving in
the wildest place in the state, said Frank Mazzotti, a
University of Florida wildlife professor.
''That's what is different about the Burmese python --
they are right out there in the Everglades clearly
interacting with native wildlife,'' he said.
Because there is nothing like them in the Everglades,
creatures that have adapted to survive native predators
might prove vulnerable to the all-terrain python, he said.
Would the nests of rare wood storks, built in the relative
safety of treetops, prove easy pickings?
''That's one of the things about pythons that really
raises concern,'' Mazzotti said. ``You'll find them in
trees, you'll find them in water, you'll find them in
mangroves.''
The snakes, necropsies show, are munching everything from
rodents to birds to the occasional alligator. That was
documented last month with the discovery of a dead 13-foot
python with a dead six-foot gator protruding from its body,
the apparent result of a snake with eyes bigger than its
stomach.
The python is in competition for food with natives such
as endangered indigo snakes and alligators. Gators, judging
by encounters documented by Snow and researcher Lori
Oberhofer, also can consume snakes, but biologists doubt
that gators alone can control the spread.
Clearly, pythons give many people the creeps, even in a
place where sharks cruise off beaches and gators lurk in
canals.
There is something undeniably disturbing about the idea
of being strangled and then swallowed whole -- the manner in
which pythons consume their victims.
Scientists remain skeptical about gory tales from
Southeast Asia, but Mazzotti found at least two documented
killings by captive pythons since 1990 -- teenage boys were
suffocated as they slept by their pets.
While pythons are capable of killing people, biologists
insist that they pose little risk to adults, although they
might be more inclined to target a child, given the
opportunity.
Researchers also believe snakes that pop up in
neighborhoods are typically freed pets more acclimated to
people.
''Your odds are probably better of winning the lottery
three weeks in a row than getting bit by a python,'' said
Joe Wasilewski, a South Miami-Dade County biologist and
reptile wrangler.
In the Everglades, Snow believes the biggest danger that
pythons pose to humans may be as road hazards, since they
favor warm asphalt and grow to the girth of pine logs.
The fate of Frances, the Miami Gardens feline, shows that
pet owners have something new to worry about with pythons,
but the snakes have a long way to go before approaching
native gators.
The state fields 15,000 gator nuisance calls a year, a
fair portion having to do with pet attacks. For perspective,
consider that the gut of one caught in Pensacola years ago
held seven dog collars.
While the recent serial swallowings propelled pythons
into the news, scientists have been drawing up a strategy to
take out the snakes for two years, since the first
gator-snake tussle recorded in the park.
Snow has charted captures and sightings to help narrow
down hangouts.
Last year, Oberhofer began training a sweet-faced beagle
named Python Pete to sniff out snakes, a method that helped
in Guam.
But the Everglades pose more complications than a small,
isolated island. Researchers can't simply spread poisoned
mice around without killing other things.
They will have to fashion traps that will float and hold
large snakes, but not entice gators or other creatures.
They will have to pinpoint places in a sprawling
landscape to lure predators that wait in one spot, sometimes
for weeks, for a meal to pass by.
A CHALLENGE
''The challenge in Florida is you have a lot of natives
you don't want to hurt,'' Rodda said. ``In Guam, there are
no native snakes. If we kill every snake on Guam, everybody
is as happy as they can be.''
Any effort to control pythons, scientists say, will be
doomed if something isn't done to stop the dumping of pets
that grow too big and dangerous.
While it's a second-degree misdemeanor to release exotic
species in Florida, the state law is rarely enforced. And
the importation, breeding and sale of Burmese pythons remain
largely unregulated.
Snow and other scientists said state and federal wildlife
agencies should reexamine who can own the snakes.
''It's pretty clear to me that the one and only
regulation we have, which is that it's against the law to
let them loose, is not very effective,'' Snow said.
.